INTERFERONS (IFN)  --AT ANG NATURAL NA PANLABAN NATIN SA VIRUS.

ito ang uri ng mga molecules na kabilang sa grupo na ang tawag ay cytokines. Ang interferons ay involved sa cell to cell communication--sila ang mga signaling molecules. Ang isang cell na infected ng virus ay maglalabas ng interferons at ito ang mag aalerto sa iba pang cells at para ma-patibay ang depensa ng immune system natin laban sa mga virus. Interferons ang tawag dahil sa kanilang kakayahan na mag “interfere.” In other words, sila ay ang mga paki-alamera. Sila ay nag i-"interfere" sa pag dami ng virus infections. Dahil sa signaling nila, na aactivate nila ang mga cells ng immune system gaya ng mga natural killer cells at mga macrophages. Pinalalakas din nila ang ating depensa sa virus sa pamamagitan ng pag activate ng proceso na tinatawag na Antigen Presentation. Dito sa Antigen Presentation ay pini-presenta sa lupon ng mga cells ang isang cell na infected ng virus. Isipin nyo na lang na parang pinipresenta ang nasasakdal na cell na na hijack ng virus sa lupon ng iba pang cells para siya ay sentensyahan at ma-death penalty. Sa pag death penalty ng infected na cell, ay maiiwasan ang lalong pagdami ng mga virus.  Ang mga interferons ang mga tsismoso na nag aactivate ng Antigen Presentation sa isang cell. Pagkatapos ng Antigen Presentation ay kakapit  sa antigen presenting cells ang tinatawag na major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen. Ito ay para ma recognize ng immune system ang pagkakasakop  ng virus sa isang cell at para patayin ang cell na infected or na hijack ng virus.  Interferons ang magsusumbong na na -infect  ang isang cell para ma activate ang tinatawag na adaptive immunity ng ating katawan. So, lessons? may silbi din ang mga tsimosa kung sila ang taga bantay ng ating kapaligiran. Palakasin natin ang ating interferons at adaptive immunity.

COVID 19 AND ACE INHIBITTORS So ganito ang nangyayari, and Covid 19 virus ay napatunayang ang kanyang docking site o yung kanyang inaangklahan (or kinakapitan) a cell membrane ay ang receptors na sya ring inakapitan ng ACE2 , o ang tinatawag na Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). This is an enzyme that is expressed by the  heart, kidney, and testes.

Ang issue ngayon ay itong mga ACE inhibitors na medicines, as the name suggests they inhibit the ACE of the Angiotensin-converting enzyme. Ang ACE kasi ang involved sa blood pressure at pag dilate ng mga blood vessels. Kaya ung ma –inhibit mo sila, hindi taas ang BP ng isang tao na umiinum nito. Ang tanong ngayon ay, KUNG ang isang gamot like ang ACE inhibitors ba ay makaka inhibit din nga ACE2? At issue talaga ito kasi, ano mangyayari pag na inhibit mo ang production ni ACE2? Recall that ACE2 and Covid 19 share the same receptor. Ibig sabihin nito meron silang tinatawag na competitive binding , o nag uunahan sila na makadock sa isang receptor. Parang mga barko na naguunahan maka dock sa iisang pier lamang. So in other words, the binding of ACE2 on its receptor will not leave space for the Covid 19 virus, OK? Gets? So dapat hindi natin ini-inhibit ang formation ng ACE2  para magamit nya ang kanyang receptor at walang receptor si Covid19.

Ngayon, ang mga ACE inhibitors ba ay pwedeng maka inhibit ng ACE2. Yun ang pinagdedebatihan ngayon. So tingnan natin ang structure ng ACE  at ng ACE2.  “ACE2 contains a single HEXXH zinc-binding domain which is homologous to one of the active sites of ACE and has 40% overall identity to ACE.” (WIKIPEDIA) Pag sinabing homologous ibig sabihin meron silang peptide structure na magkakamukha (40% na magkakamukha) at ito ay ang HEXXH (ibig sabihin ay Histidine-Glutamic Acid- Any amino acid-Any amino acid-Histidine petide—ang “X” ay any amino acid). So magkamukha talaga sila , PERO,  may mga opinion na ang ACE inhibitor ay hindi maka inhibit ng ACE2. “Recombinantly expressed ACE2 was first reported to hydrolyse the His–Leu bond in Ang I to release Ang-(1–9). Ang-(1–9) was a substrate for ACE, which hydrolysed it to Ang-(1–7). Of note, ACE2 did not hydrolyse Ang-(1–9) to form Ang II. Subsequent to these initial characterizations it was found that ACE2 had substrate preference for Ang II, which it hydrolysed to Ang-(1–7) at a high rate.3 Indeed, ACE2 purified from human heart hydrolysed Ang II, but not Ang I.4 Thus, ACE2 should function to decrease Ang II concentration where it is present and active.” (WIKIPEDIA) So therefore, ang isa na naming opinion ngayon ay ang pag inom ng mga ACE  inhibitors ay hindi nakaka inhibit ng ACE2 enzymes ang therefore ay OK lang gamitin at hindi nakaka facilitate ng doorway ng Corona Virus 19.

WHY IS U.V. C IRRADIATION IDEAL FOR STERILIZING N95 MASKS?

Ultraviolet C is ideal for destroying the nucleic acids , RNA and DNA via the free-radical mechanism. It will destroy the virus easily and without the use of heat and chemicals. BUT MOST IMPORTANTLY, U.V. C will not destroy the electrostatic charges in N95 masks. The electrostatic charges provide greater filtration efficiency because, recall that the corona viruses are characterized by their Hemagglutinin (H) and Neuraminidase (N) domains. Kaya may H1N1, H1N5, etc depending on which part (H) or (H)

mutation has occurred. Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase have polyanionic character. This is due for example to sialic acid. In other words, corona viruses have a net negative charge-- and N95 masks repels them as long as the electrostatic charges in the masks are not destroyed. UV C irradiation does not destroy the electrostatic charges in masks.

Yan ang rason kung bakit pinagamit natin ang UV box natin sa ating Napti lab sa taga Provincial Hospital for PPE sterilization.

#AGHAM NA RAMDAM

Calculation of the Potential to Cause Pipe Corrosion of Available Freshwater in the Shallow Aquifer Water Resource in San Narciso, Zambales, Region 2 of the Philippines 

Jayvee Villagracia¹, Gerna Manatad², Plormelinda Olet³, Ralph Lago⁴, Raymond Sucgang*⁵

1.Commission on Elections (COMELEC)

2.Department of Health (DOH)

3.National Intelligence Coordinating Agency (NICA)

4. Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA)

5. Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI), Diliman, Quezon City

Email: cesarsed2002@gmail.com

The study aimed to determine the scaling potential of groundwater in San Narciso. Zambales using the Langelier Saturation Index (LSI).  Groundwater samples from deep wells, hand pumps and dug wells were collected within the study area (Barangays Grullo, La Paz, Dalipawen, Paite, Siminublan, and Manatakan). LSI of groundwater from La Paz ranged between -1.0 -0.3 suggesting that waters were seriously corrosive. LSI in Paite was 0.0 but pitting corrosion was possible. Grullo waters have LSI between 0.1 to 0.3 and is scale forming and corrosive. Dalipawen, Siminublan, and Manatakan have LSI from 0.4 -0.0 and waters were slightly corrosive but not scale forming. LSI is based on the carbonate equilibrium in water. LSI was calculated using the formula: LSI = pH- pH_s; where pH_s is the saturation pH. The elements that are important for the carbonate equilibrium are gaseous carbon dioxide CO₂, aqueous carbon dioxide (CO₂)_aq, carbonic acid H₂CO₃, bicarbonate HCO₃^-, carbonate CO₃^2- and solids containing carbonate like calcium carbonate CaCO₃ or magnesium carbonate MgCO₃. It was concluded that groundwater in San Narciso, Zambales was generally slightly corrosive and scale forming. The baseline data from the study will be useful to water resources managers.

Keywords: Langelier Saturation Index (LSI), groundwater, corrosion, pH, carbonate

Formulation and Validation of a Specialized Anti-Drug Abuse Health Education Program Aimed to Instill

Anticipatory Socialization in the Youth.

Ralph  Lago*¹ and Raymond Sucgang²

¹Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency, EDSA, Barangay Pinyahan, Diliman, Quezon City, 1100 Metro Manila, Telephone/Fax: 929-1106 / 927-2899, email: ralph_t_l@yahoo.com

²Philippine Nuclear Research Institute, Diliman Quezon City

Email correspondence to: cesarsed2002@gmail.com

The paper reports the preparation and validation of an anti-drug abuse health education module aimed to enhance the basic organizational, judgemental and perfunctory skills of adolescents to make anticipatory decisions regarding use and misuse of recreational drugs and drugs of abuse. A health module on drug abuse education and prevention was prepared and validated using a pool (N=120) of Grade 6 pupils randomly selected as test respondents. The module was anchored on a continuum raging from the cognitive through the affective to the behavioural domain of health education. The validation of the module was made by using it in actual classroom courses. Pre-test and Posttest were used as the instruments of the study. Experimental group (N=60) used the module while a control group (N=60) was not given the module. The same pretest was administered as posttest to the test subjects, except that the arrangement of items in the pretest was rearranged in the posttest. The arithmetic mean of the test scores in the experimental group was statistically different (using equal variances 2-sample t-test, Stat 500 software) and higher compared to the arithmetic mean of the test scores from the control group (t= -4.5; t_crit = ± 2.34).  Conclusion was made that the module was very useful and relevant to facilitate learning in classroom instructions on drug abuse prevention education for Grade 6 pupils.

Keywords: anti drug abuse, anticipatory socialization, module